Geophysical imaging methods provide solutions to a wide range of environmental and engineering problems: protection of soil and groundwater from contamination; safe disposal of chemical and nuclear waste; geotechnical site testing for underground vaults, subways, dams, .
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Handbook of Research on Trends and Digital Advances in Engineering Geology
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Industrial (technical) applications of geophysical methods used by the Archeo-geophysics laboratory in construction, plumbing, geotechnical engineering, engineering geology, mining, electricity power suply, transportation, military, criminology, security and ecology. The fields of application of the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) are: CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS Designing buildings, roads, airports, oil and gas pipelines requires comprehensive study the geological structure of the ground and rocks in the area for construction. Using of geophysical methods for exploration for construction, especially in complex engineering geological conditions of the construction site, provides additional information about the structure of the ground and improves the quality of project solutions. Non-destructive location, determination of the depth and mapping of: - Gaps (fig.1, 2) and defects in buildings - landslides, failures, subsidence (Figure 3), faults and other hazards (Figure 4) for buildings in the design of new residential complexes and buildings - Invisible cracks in buildings - Areas of degradation of reinforced concrete due to corrosion of reinforcement - Corrosion of the connections of the panels - Wiring and reinforcement (Figure 11) in the floors, walls and ceilings - Elements of floor heating - Septic tanks and channels (Figure 20); - Caves (Figure 5), caverns (Figure 6) and other karst formations causing subsidence of the ground - Underground reservoirs (fig.30) - Buried and build in tubes (Figure 20), cables (Figure 21), etc .; - Tunnels (Figure 7), catacombs and channels -Underground power, telephone or other cables that could be damaged in excavations for constructions or repair, which would lead to a short circuit, cable breaks or even accidents at work. This prevents their destruction during construction works and accidents with them. Non-destructive localization and identification of underground pipes of metal, plastic, ceramics, concrete and asbestos concrete. Non-destructive evaluation of the status and monitoring of the stability of the ground, floors and foundations. Assessment of amortization of: buildings, towers, terraces, garages, balconies, panels, iron and concrete structures. ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS GPR replaced the X-ray in flaw detection of large constructions due to harming, high price, time consuming and limitations of X-ray flaw detection. Non-destructive locating, determination the depth and mapping of: - Walls (Figure 8), supports (Fig 1, 2, 9, 10), reinforcement (Figure 11), and other supporting structures; - Built-in components and systems in structures (Figure 8, 13-14). - Gaps (fig.1,2) and defects in structures; - Tubes (Figure 15, 16), cables and wires in structures (Fig. 17) Determination of: - Thickness of pavement, foundations, asphalt, concrete, etc .; - Thinning, distortion and other types of wearing of surfaces, foundations, etc .; - network of wires, metal or plastic pipes Non-destructive testing, evaluation of the situation and monitoring of: pavement, platforms, foundations, plates, supporting and bearing constructions and others structures. COMMUNICATIONS, OIL AND GAS LINES, PIPELINES, WATER-CONDUIT AND SEWERAGE Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of: - Buried and build in tubes (Figure 15, 16), channels (fig.16,18), cables (Figure 17), tunnels (Figure 7),etc.; - Underwater pipes, cables, etc. - Leaks in pipes (water, gas, etc.). APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORT Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of: - Cracks, collapses, cavities and other defects in the foundation and pavement of roads, runways, railway lines and other transportation constructions; - Cracks, collapses, cavities and other defects in tunnels and tunnel structures; - Thinning, distortion, cracks, voids, and other defects in bridges and bridge constructions. Non-destructive thickness measurement of: bridge roadways, pavements, new and old asphalt, foundations, drainage and others. Non-destructive testing, evaluation and monitoring of the state of: roads, runways, railway lines, tunnels, bridges, etc. constructions. Evaluation of amortization of bridges, runways, tunnels, overpasses, multi- level parking, etc. HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of: -Underground rivers -Groundwater (Figure 19) Non-destructive determination of the depth of the water level of groundwater GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS The use of the method of subsurface radar sounding (GPR) in engineering geology explorations increased dramatically in the practice of over the past decade. Unlike the traditional geophysical methods (electric resistivity survey, seismic survey, etc.), GPR survey allows extremely high resolution along the trace and in depth, highly-detailed surveys, along with possibility to obtain information about the structure of the studied section and visualization of results during the measurement. All this is resulting in high performance of the GPR exploration. Mapping of sections and study the structure of: - Rocks; - Sediments; - Underwater sediments; - Rock surfaces in sedimentary rocks - Rock-bottom and bottom deposits in fresh water bodies (lakes and rivers) - Figure 12 - Soils; - Groundwater; - Water horizons (Figure 19); - Karst formations (caves (Figure 5), caverns (Figure 6), whirlpools, potholes, etc.); - Failures, faults, landslides (Figure 3), etc .; Non-destructive stratification and stratigraphic mapping of: - Sediments; - Soils; - Water horizons (Figure 19); Detection and mapping of the structural discontinuities in a section (karst, tectonic discontinuities, contact between lithological different rocks, areas of wedging of the rock layers, rock inclusions in sedimentary environment, etc.); Sounding and measurement of peat and sapropel deposits Non-destructive testing, evaluation and monitoring of the status of groundwater resources, geological and hydrogeological situation Non-destructive determination of: - Thickness and density of the snow and ice cover - Depth of bedrock Characterization of cracks and faults MINING APPLICATIONS Non-destructive localization and mapping: - Hazardous areas in open pits and mine galleries. - Old underground mining galleries. - Coal layers; - Ore deposits; - Salt deposits; - Bauxites; Non-destructive testing, evaluation and monitoring of the deposits and hazardous areas. MILITARY APPLICATIONS Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of: - Bunkers, shelters, underground warehouses, caves and other strategic underground sites; - Anti-infantry and antitank mines; - Unexploded mines, shells (Figure 20) and grenades; - Defects in bunkers, polygons, tunnels, roads, runways, bridges, etc. strategic sites - Cables (Figure 17), pipelines (fig.15-16) tunnels (Figure 7) and other communications; Geophysical methods are applied effectively even in intelligence! CRIMINOLOGY (FORENSIC) AND SECURITY APPLICATIONS Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of: - Walled in safes, (Figure 21) and hideouts - Hidden single and mass graves (Figure 22, 23); -Tunnels dug under banks, prisons, vaults, galleries, museums, warehouses (Figure 24) and other buildings for robbery or escape from prison - Buried, built in, and otherwise hidden clues, weapons (Figure 25), ammunition (Figure 20), hazardous substances and others. - bugging devices Non-destructive testing, evaluation and monitoring of the status of objects, subject to criminal investigation or special security measures. ENVIRONMENT Conductive contamination of groundwater strongly absorb signal of GPR, and therefore it is an effective tool for mapping the distribution of such contaminants (Figure 26). Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of: - Leaks and spills of pollutants (Figure 26); - Septic tanks and channels; - Buried, walled in, or submerged pollutants; - Underground reservoirs (Figure 27) and storage of pollutants; Non-destructive testing, evaluation of the state and monitoring of contaminated sites, groundwater, reservoirs and storage of hazardous waste, and protected natural sites or monuments. AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS Non-destructive locating, determination of the depth and mapping of: - The level of groundwater (Figure 19) - Drainage pipes and equipment - Tree roots APPLICATIONS FOR RESCUE OPERATIONS Non-destructive localization of people and objects buried by avalanches.
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